Study English : REPORT TEXT

A.    Pengertian Report Text dan Contohnya

Report text adalah salah jenis genre of text yang masuk kategori descriptive. Definisi report text itu sendiri adalah sebuah genre atau jenis teks yang berusaha menggambarkan sesuatu seperti benda, manusia, tumbuhan, hewan dan lain sebagainya yang masih sangat umum. Jadi tidak fokus pada satu benda melainkan semua benda yang masuk dalam satu kategori. Misalnya kita sedang membicarakan gajah, maka kita akan membahas sifat, bentuk, karakter gajah pada umumnya.

B.     Perbedaan Report Text dan Descriptive Text

1. Cara membedakan report text dan descriptive text yang paling mudah adalah dengan melihat apakah sesuatu yang digambarkan tersebut umum atau khusus. Jika sesuatu tersebut adalah umum, maka jenis textnya adalah report. Tetapi jika khusus, maka jenis textnya adalah descriptive.
   Misal, pada penjelasan descriptive text saya memberi contoh tentang Candi Borobudur. Di dalamnya menjelaskan bagaimana bentuk Candi Borobudur, letaknya dan kapan dibuatnya. Jadi hanya fokus dan khusus menjelaskan satu objek yang bernama Candi Borobudur. Lain halnya jika saya menjelaskan tentang Candi. Maka saya akan menjelaskan bentuk atau model candi pada umumnya seperti apa, kemudian candi merupakan tempat peribadatan agama apa dan seterusnya. Jadi saya menjelaskan Candi secara umum, baik itu candi Borobudur, Prambanan, Mendut dan lain sebagainya, tidak khusus dan fokus.
2. Selain itu, biasanya report text biasanya menggambarkan sesuatu dengan sudut pandang ilmiah. Sehingga biasanya akan diikuti dengan penjelasan tentang hasil penelitian atau observasi terhadap objek yang sedang dibicarakan tersebut.

Okay, now untuk memastikan paham atau tidaknya anda, silahkan tentukan jenis teks dari dua judul ini: “My Rabbit” dan “A Rabbit”, kira-kira mana ya yang termasuk dalam kategori report text dan yang termasuk dalam kategori descriptive text? Ayo coba jawab di kolom komentar di bawah postingan ini!

C.    Tujuan Report Text

Tujuan komunikatifnya adalah untuk menggambarkan tentang sesuatu secara apa adanya yang merupakan hasil observasi atau penelitian dan analisa secara sistematis. Intinya text Report berisi fakta-fakta sebuah objek yang bisa dibuktikan secara ilmiah. (Social function is to describe the way things are, with reference to arrange or natural manmade and social phenomena in our environment).

D.    Generic Structure Report Text

Susunan umum atau Generic Structure pada umumnya terdiri dari :

1. General Clasification
   Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya. 
2. Description
   tells what the phenomenon under discussion; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors. Pada bagian ini biasanya memberikan gambaran fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi, baik bagian-bagiannya, sifat-sifatnya, kebiasaannya, ataupun tingkah lakunya. Intinya adalah penjabaran dari klasifikasi yang disajikan dengan ilmiah.

Linguistic Features

1.      Focus on generic participant(s)

2.      Use of simple present

3.      No temporal sequence

4.      Use of “being (linking)” and “having” clauses

E.     Ciri-ciri Report Text

1. Karena bertujuan mengungkap gambaran tentang sesuatu berdasarkan kajian ilmiah, maka biasanya menggunakan bahasa ilmiah.
2. Berisi fakta-fakta ilmiah, didominasi oleh simple present tense.
3. Judulnya akan terlihat umum, seperti Playing Football dan bukan Manchester Football Club.
4. Biasanya disertai gambar, data statistik berupa diagram atau peta untuk meyakinkan bahwa hasil penelitiannya dilakukan secara ilmiah.

F.     Ciri Kebahasaan Report Text

Dalam sebuah Report Text terdapat beberapa ciri-ciri kebahasaan (language features) seperti berikut ini:

• Menggunakan general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’, etc.
• Menggunakan relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia), etc.
• Menggunakan action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, etc.
• Menggunakan present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kg, etc.
• Mengguanakan istilah teknis/ ilmiah, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, etc.

Modelling of the Text(Contoh Report Text dan Penjelasannya)

Komodo Dragon

Komodo dragons have thrived in the harsh climate of Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda Islands for millions of years, although amazingly, their existence was unknown to humans until about 100 years ago.

Reaching 10 feet (3 meters) in length and more than 300 pounds (136 kilograms), Komodo dragons are the heaviest lizards on Earth. They have long, flat heads with rounded snouts, scaly skin, bowed legs, and huge, muscular tails.

As the dominant predators on the handful of islands they inhabit, they will eat almost anything, including carrion, deer, pigs, smaller dragons, and even large water buffalo and humans. When hunting, Komodo dragons rely on camouflage and patience, lying in wait for passing prey. When a victim ambles by, the dragon springs, using its powerful legs, sharp claws and serrated, shark-like teeth to eviscerate its prey.

Animals that escape the jaws of a Komodo will only feel lucky briefly. Dragon saliva teems with over 50 strains of bacteria, and within 24 hours, the stricken creature usually dies of blood poisoning. Dragons calmly follow an escapee for miles as the bacteria takes effect, using their keen sense of smell to hone in on the corpse. A dragon can eat a whopping 80 percent of its body weight in a single feeding.

There is a stable population of about 3.000 to 5.000 Komodo dragons on the islands of Komodo, Gila Motang, Rinca, and Flores. However, a dearth of egg-laying females, poaching, human encroachment, and natural disasters has driven the species to endangered status.

Sumber: http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/

Penjelasan:

1. Paragraf pertama: General Classification. Berisi pengenalan objek bahwa Komodo adalah binatang yang telah ada sejak berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu.
2. Pada paragraf kedua dan seterusnya: Description. Berisi tentang bentuk fisik Komodo meliputi panjang, berat, maupun ciri fisiknya dan kebiasaannya mencari makan serta statistik populasi habitat Komodo di berbagai daerah.

Rice

General Classification :

Rice is plant that produces an edible grain; the name also used for the grain itself. Rice is the primary food for half the people in the world. In many regions it is eaten with every meal and provides more calories than any other single food.

Description :

According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), rice supplies an average of 889 calories per day per person in China. In contrast, rice provides an average of only 82 calories per day per person in the United Stated. Rice is a nutritious food, providing about 90 percent of calories from carbohydrates and as much as 13 percent of calories from protein.

Terjemahan :

Beras

Klasifikasi Umum :

Beras adalah tanaman yang menghasilkan biji-bijian yang dapat dimakan; nama ini juga digunakan untuk biji-bijian itu sendiri. Nasi adalah makanan utama bagi setengah orang di dunia. Di banyak daerah dimakan dengan setiap kali makan dan menyediakan lebih banyak kalori daripada makanan tunggal lainnya.

Deskripsi(keterangan):

Menurut Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (FAO), beras memasok rata-rata 889 kalori per hari per orang di Cina. Sebaliknya, beras menyediakan rata-rata hanya 82 kalori per hari per orang di Amerika (US). Beras adalah makanan bergizi, memberikan sekitar 90 persen kalori dari karbohidrat dan sebanyak 13 persen kalori dari protein.

Pelican

General Clasification :

The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds.

Description :

The success is largely due to its command hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them.

When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed. Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.

Terjemahan :

Pelikan

Klasifikasi Umum :

Pelican putih adalah salah satu burung pemakan ikan paling berhasil.

Deskripsi (keterangan) :

Keberhasilan ini terutama disebabkan oleh perintah perilaku berburu mereka. Sebuah kelompok, mungkin terdiri dari dua lusin burung, akan berkumpul membentuk busur melengkung beberapa jarak dari lepas pantai. Burung-burung tersebut kemudian mulai bergerak maju menuju pantai, mengalahkan air laut yang ganas dengan sayap mereka, mengarahkan ikan di depan mereka.

Ketika air cukup dangkal untuk burung untuk mencapai ikan, formasi memecah karena setiap burung menurunkan paruhnya ke dalam air untuk meraup makanannya. Keika burung tersebut mengangkat kepalanya, air mengalir dari paruhnya yang hanya meninggalkan ikan yang kemudian ditelannya. Pelikan adalah salah satu kelompok burung tertua, fosil dari genus ini telah ditemukan sejak 40 juta tahun yang lalu.

Lion

Lion lives in grassland, shrubs, and open woodlands of Saharan, Africa. Lion is the second largest cat in the world. Its size is slightly smaller than tiger. But they are closely related and have very similar body.

Lion is different from other big cats.  They are very sociable animals. They live in groups. There are about 30 lions in a group consisting of three males, a dozen females, and the rest of their children. The number of group members is determined by the availability of food and water.

They roar each other to track their place. Male and female lions have a very powerful roar that can be heard up to 8 km. Male and female lion have a very different role in the group. Male lions spend their time to keep their territory and their children. They maintain their boundaries. While female lions or lioness is the main hunter group. they are smaller and more agile than male lions. But they work together in catching their prey. 

They usually hunt at night. their prey are antelope, buffalo, zebra, rhinos, hippos, wild pig, crocodile,   young elephants, and giraffe. But sometimes they also eat the smaller prey such as rodents, birds, rabbits, lizards, and turtles. 

After catching their prey, all the lions in the group share their prey. But there is a pecking order. The male lions take the first claim, followed by lionesses, and the last is their children.

Terjemahan :

Singa hidup di padang rumput, semak, dan hutan terbuka Sahara, Afrika. Singa termasuk salah satu kucing terbesar kedua di dunia. Ukhuran badannya sedikit lebih kecil dari harimau. Tapi mereka terkait erat dan memiliki tubuh yang sangat mirip.

Singa berbeda dari kucing besar lainnya. Mereka adalah hewan yang sangat bersosial. Mereka hidup berkelompok. Ada sekitar 30 singa dalam satu kelompok yang terdiri dari tiga singa jantan, 12 singa betina, dan sisanya  anak-anak mereka. Jumlah anggota kelompok ditentukan oleh ketersediaan makanan dan air.

Singa mengaum satu sama lain untuk melacak keberadaan mereka. Singa jantan dewasa dan singa betina dewasa memiliki raungan yang sangat kuat yang dapat didengar hingga 8 km. Singa jantan dan singa betina memiliki peran yang sangat berbeda dalam sebuah kelompok. Singa jantan menghabiskan waktu mereka untuk menjaga wilayah mereka dan anak-anak mereka. Mereka mempertahankan daerah perbatasan mereka. Sementara singa betina adalah kelompok pemburu utama. mereka lebih kecil dan lebih lincah dari singa jantan. Tapi mereka bekerja sama dalam menangkap mangsanya.

Mereka biasanya berburu di malam hari. mangsa mereka adalah kijang, kerbau, zebra, badak, kuda nil, babi hutan, buaya,  gajah muda, dan jerapah. Tapi kadang-kadang mereka juga memakan mangsa yang lebih kecil seperti tikus, burung, kelinci, kadal, dan kura-kura.

Setelah menangkap mangsanya, semua singa dalam kelompok berbagi makanan. Tapi tentu ada urutan kekuasaan. Singa jantan mendapat jatah pertama, diikuti oleh singa-singa betina, dan yang terakhir adalah anak-anak mereka.

Dolphin

Dolphin is a very intelligent animal. They are mammals that live in the sea. Although classified as mammals, many people calling them as fish, because these animals can indeed live in the water and swim like a fish. In fact, dolphins like cats, cows, and goats which are truly a mammal or a breastfeeding animal.

They are one part of the aquatic cetaceans’ nation. To move easily, they have a body that is tapered and shaped like a torpedo. They can move in the water easily because they have two parts of body namely the pectoral fins and dorsal fins.

They are one type of marine animal that is very flexible because they can live in all waters that exist in the world. They can be met anywhere either tropical or sub-tropical regions. There are many species of dolphins that choose to live in coastal waters as we often find at the Kiluan Bay in Lampung. Nevertheless, most of the dolphins prefer to live in the open sea or called as oceanic.

Indonesia has a lot of waters where the dolphins live in it. In addition to Lampung coastal waters, dolphins spread from the Mahakam river until Segara lagoon area in Central Java. Meanwhile, the sea which has dolphins inside it is Sawu Sea in Maluku.

Terjemahan :

Lumba-Lumba

Lumba-lumba merupakan sebuah hewan yang sangat cerdas. Mereka merupakan mamalia yang berasal dari laut. Meskipun mamalia, banyak yang menyebut lumba-lumba dengan sebutan ikan, karena hewan ini memang dapat hidup di dalam air dan berenang seperti seekor ikan. Padahal, lumba-lumba sama seperti kucing, sapi, dan kambing yang merupakan mamalia atau hewab menyusui.

Mereka merupakan salah satu bagian dari bangsa Cetacea perairan. Untuk memberikan kemudahan dalam bergerak, lumba-lumba mempunyai tubuh yang meruncing dan berbentuk layaknya sebuah torpedo. Mereka bisa bergerak di dalam air dengan mudah karena mempunyai dua bagian sirip yaitu sirip dada dan sirip punggung.

Mereka adalah salah satu jenis hewan laut yang sangat fleksibel karena mereka bisa hidup di semua perairan yang ada di seluruh dunia. Mereka dapat Anda jumpai dimana saja baik daerah tropis maupun daerah sub tropis. Ada banyak spesies lumba-lumba yang memilih hidup di perairan pantai seperti yang sering kita temukan di pantai teluk kiluan di Lampung. Kendati demikian, sebagian besar lumba-lumba lebih memilih untuk hidup di laut bebas atau oseanik.

Indonesia mempunyai banyak sekali perairan dimana lumba-lumba hidup di dalamnya. Selain di perairan pantai Lampung, penyebaran lumba-lumba meliputi perairan pantai sungai Mahakam hingga kawasan laguna Segara Anakan yang ada di Jawa Tengah. Sementara itu, lautan yang mempunyai kehidupan lumba-lumba di dalamnya adalah laut Sawu Maluku.

Snake

Snakes are the kind of reptile that have no legs but has long body. Based on its kind, they belong to Squamata group (scaly reptiles). They are the most adaptable animals with the environment. Almost all over the world such as in the mountains, forests, deserts, plains, farms, neighborhoods, till the sea, they can be found. However, in the colder place, they will increasingly rare. It is because they are cold-blooded animals. These types of animal require warmth of the sun to set their body temperature. That is why they could not be found in Polar Regions both South Pole and the North Pole.

The habitat of them is so various. Most of snake lives on the ground, under rocks, shrubs, even some of them spend all his life on the tree without ever stepping on the ground even once. While others live in aquatic or semi – aquatic habitat, such as in rivers, swamps, lakes, and sea. These animals have a variety of ways to protect themselves. Some snake can protect themselves with deadly poison like a Rattle Snake, Cobra, and Sea Snake. Even King Cobra can kill without biting but they can shoot the poison directly to their enemies’ eye. Snakes like Anaconda and python protect themselves with the power of windings. They will be wrapped around the prey or enemy very hard. Their winding will make their enemy and prey die even till their bones crushed.

Snakes are carnivorous animal. They eat the prey without chewing. The elastic jaws enable them to swallow their prey while its teeth are not for chewing but as a barrier to prevent its prey to escape. They eats various types of animals that are smaller than its body such as fish, frogs, tadpoles, birds, mammals, and other small snakes. Even, there are some snakes eat larger animal than their body such as pythons and anacondas which can eat goats, deer, elk, and even humans.

Most types of snake reproduce by spawning. They can produce so much eggs even can reach hundreds of eggs. They usually lay their eggs in holes on the ground, cave, in the hole of weathered wood, or under a pile of dead leaves. There are several types of snakes known incubate their eggs until hatching like pythons. But some snakes are known to bear their children called as Ovoviviparous snake such as Kadut Snake, Pucuk Snake and Sea Snake.

Terjemahan :

Ular

Ular adalah hewan jenis reptil yang tidak memiliki kaki dan bertubuh panjang. Dilihat dari jenisnya, Ular juga termasuk ke dalam kelompok Squamata atau reptile bersisik. Ular adalah hewan yang paling mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya. Hampir di seluruh penjuru dunia seperti Di gunung, hutan, gurun, dataran rendah, lahan pertanian, lingkungan pemukiman, sampai ke lautan, dapat ditemukan ular. Hanya saja, semakin dingin suatu tempat, ular akan semakin jarang ditemui. Hal ini dikarenakan Ular adalah hewan berdarah dingin. Hewan-hewan jenis ini memerlukan kehangatan matahari untuk mengatur suhu tubuhnya. Itulah mengapa ular tidak bisa ditemukan di daerah kutub baik kutub selatan maupun kutub utara.

Habitat ular sangat beragam kebanyakan ular hidup atas permukaan tanah, di bawah bebatuan, semak-semak, bahkan ada beberapa ular yang sepanjang hidupnya dihabiskan di atas pohon tanpa pernah menginjak tanah sekali pun.  Sementara sebagian yang lain hidup akuatik atau semi-akuatik seperti di sungai, rawa, danau, dan laut. Hewan ini memiliki berbagai macam cara untuk melindungi dirinya. Beberapa ular melindungi dirinya dengan bisa yang mematikan seperti ular Rattle Snake, Cobra, Ular Laut. Bahkan Ular King Cobra dapat membunuh tanpa menggigit tetapi mereka bisa menyemburkan bisa mereka ke arah mata musuhnya. Ular-ular seperti Anaconda, phyton dan sanca melindungi dirinya dengan kekuatan lilitannya. Mereka akan melilit mangsa atau musuhnya dengan sangat keras. Musuh atau mangsannya bisa mati bahkan sampai tulang-tulangnya hancur.

Ular merupakan hewan karnivora. Mereka memakan mangsanya dengan utuh tanpa dikunyah. Rahang yang elastis memudahkan mereka untuk menelan mangsanya. Sedangkan giginya tidak berfungsi untuk mengunyah melainkan sebagai penahan mangsanya agar tidak lepas. Ular memangsa berbagai jenis hewan yang berukuran lebih kecil dari tubuhnya seperti  ikan, kodok, berudu, burung, mamalia, kodok, ular lain yang berukuran kecil. Bahakan, ada sebagian ular memangsa hewan yang lebih besar dari tubuhnya. seperti ular sanca kembang dan anaconda yang dapat memangsa kambing, kijang, rusa dan bahkan manusia.

Kebanyakan jenis ular berkembang biak dengan bertelur. Jumlah telur yang dihasilakan oleh ular sangat banyak bahkan bisa mencapai ratusan ribu. Ular biasanya meletakkan telurnya di lubang-lubang tanah, gua, lubang kayu lapuk, atau di bawah timbunan daun-daun kering. Ada Beberapa jenis ular yang diketahui mengerami telurnya hingga menetas seperti ular sanca. Beberapa ular diketahui bisa melahirkan anaknya atau disebut dengan Ovovivipar seperti Ular Kadut, Ular Pucuk dan Ular Bangkai laut.

Cat

The cat is one of the most popular pets in the world. There are over six  hundreds million domestic cats in the world. Cats have been associated to human life for about 10000 years. Cats spend their time to sleep for about 13 hours a day. 

Cats have amazing senses among the animal world. They have exceptional smell, sight, and taste. They also have flexible bodies and sharp teeth that help them to catch their prey. Cats also have an incredible night vision six times better than human.

There are several terms about the cats. A male cat is called a tom. A female is called a molly or queen. The young cat is called kittens. Then, a group of cats is called a clowder.

There are many people who keep the cat in their house. The cat has become an valued and honored member of family homes worldwide.

Terjemahan :

Kucing

Kucing adalah salah satu hewan peliharaan paling populer di dunia. Ada lebih dari enam ratus juta kucing domestik di dunia. Kucing telah dikaitkan pada kehidupan manusia untuk sekitar 10000 tahun. Kucing menghabiskan waktu mereka untuk tidur selama sekitar 13 jam sehari.

Kucing memiliki indera menakjubkan diantara dunia hewan. Mereka memiliki penciuman, penglihatan, dan pengecap rasa yang istimewa. Mereka juga memiliki tubuh yang fleksibel dan gigi tajam yang membantu mereka untuk menangkap mangsa. Kucing juga memiliki penglihatan malam luar biasa yang enam kali lebih baik daripada manusia.

Ada beberapa istilah tentang kucing. Kucing jantan disebut tom. Kucing betina disebut molly atau Ratu. Kucing kecil disebut kittens. Kemudian, sekelompok kucing disebut clowder.

Ada banyak orang yang memelihara kucing di rumah mereka. Kucing telah menjadi anggota keluarga yang dihargai dan dihormati di seluruh dunia.

Koala

 

Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is one of the Australia’s unique animals that have pockets (marsupials) like a kangaroo. The name of Koala comes from the aboriginal language which means e“not drinking”. It is because Koala is very rarely to drink water. They rely on water contained in eucalyptus leaves. They can be found along the eastern coast of Australia from Adelaide to Cape York Peninsula. They also can be found far inside the jungle. They live in areas which has enough rainfall.

They have a distinctive body shape. They have thick and soft fur and have wide ears. They also have large claws for climbing trees. The body weight is different one another. For example, the males can reach 14 kg, while the females in the northern part weighs only 5 kg.

They spend all t time at the top of the tree. They are quiet animals and do not like a fuss. They spend 20 hours each day by silence and just to sleep. However, during the mating season, they become more active. Even the males can emit a loud sound and can be heard up to a radius of 1 km.

In the wild, they only eat eucalyptus leaves. It contains low protein phenolic and terpene compounds. These compounds can be toxic to other animals. However, they can neutralize those toxins in their heart. They usually eat at night because during the day, they always fall asleep. They generally spend about 500 grams of eucalyptus leaves per day. They will chew it till smooth before swallowing it.

Terjemahan :

Koala

Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) adalah salah satu binatang khas Australia yang memiliki kantung (Marsupial) seperti kangguru. Nama koala berasal dari bahasa aborigin yang berarti tidak minum. Koala sangat jarang meminum air. Mereka mengandalkan air yang ada di daun ekaliptus. Koala dapat ditemukan di sepanjang pesisir timur Australia mulai dari Adelaide sampai ke Semenanjung Cape York. Koala juaga bisa ditemukan sampai jauh ke pedalaman. Koala tinggal di daerah-daerah yang memiliki curah hujan yang cukup tinggi.

Koala memiliki bentuk tubuh yang khas. Mereka memiliki bulu yang tebal dan lembut dan memiliki telinga yang lebar. Koala memiliki cakar-cakar yang besar untuk memanjat pohon. Berat tubuh Koala berbeda beda. Pada Koala jantan beartnya bisa mencapai 14 kg. sedangkan koala betina di bagian utara beratnya hanya mencapai 5 kg.

Koala menghabiskan sepanjang waktunya di atas pohon. Mereka adalah binatang yang tenang dan tidak suka keributan. Hewan ini menghabiskan 20 jam setiap hari dengan cara berdiam diri. Koala banyak menghabiskan waktunya hanya untuk tidur. Namun, pada saat musim kawin, mereka menjadi lebih aktif. Bahkan Koala jantan dapat mengeluarkan suara yang keras dan dapat di dengar hingga radius 1 km.

Di alam koala hanya memakan daun ekaliptus. Daun ekliptus yaitu daun yang menganddung rendah protein dan senyawa fenol dan terpena. Senyawa ini bisa menjadi racun bagi hewan lain. Namun Koala bisa menetralisir racun-racun teresbut di dalam hati mereka. Koala biasanya makan pada malam hari karena pada siang hari mereka selalu tertidur pulas. Koala pada umumnya menghabiskan sekitar 500 gram daun eucalyptus per hari. Mereka akan mengunyah daun itu samapi halus sebelum menelannya.

Fish

Fish is a kind of vertebrate animals. Vertebrate animals are kinds of animals that have a backbone. This animal is also included in the group of cold-blooded animals (poikilothermic). Fish has very much species. More than 27,000 species of fish scattered around the world. Based on the type of bones, they are classified into 3 types they are jawless fish (class Agatha, 75 species including lampreys and hagfish), cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes, 800 species including sharks and rays), and the rest belong to bony fishes (class Osteichthyes).

They have 3 main parts of body, namely head (Caput), Body (Truncus), and tail (Cauda). Their body is filled with scales that serve to protect its body from the water friction. However, there are some of them that do not have scales for example sharks, dolphins and whales. They also have a lateral line (line lateral) in the form of a line that extends on the surface of its body used for detecting environment condition. Their body shaped like a torpedo makes them move quickly in the water. They use fins to move while its tail serves as a rudder.

In general, they breathe through gills. They take oxygen contained in the water. However, there are several types of them which breathe through lungs such as whales, dolphins, and sharks. The fish which is breathing through lungs always comes to the surface to take oxygen from the air. This animal has various shapes and sizes, ranging from the largest such whale shark which reaches14 meters (45 ft.) to the smallest one infant stout fish which is only 7 mm (about 1/4 inch).

They can be found in almost all water in the world such as freshwater, brackish and saltwater. These animals can also live at varying depths. Some fishes live near the water surface but others live far away in the bottom surface of the water without light at all. Although they can be found in almost all waters, they cannot live in the lake Great Salt Lake because the lake is very salty even we can float in it.

There are 3 ways of reproduction that are oviparous, vivipara, and ovoviviparous. Oviparous fish reproduces by producing egg. This type of fish will attach their eggs on the reef or floating in the water. For examples clown fish that lay their eggs on the anemone. Next is viviparous, this fish bears their children for example dolphins and the last ovoviviparous fish, but the eggs develop in the body and will be out if it has been so large.

They are the important food sources for human because they contain high protein for human growth. Currently, they have been breed by humans both marine fish and freshwater fish to be consumed.

Terjemahan :

Ikan

Ikan adalah jenis hewan vertebrata yaitu hewan yang memiliki tulang belakang. Hewan ini juga termasuk ke dalam kelompok poikilotermik yaitu hewan berdarah dingin. Ikan memiliki jenis yang sangat banyak. Lebih dari 27,000 spesies ikan tersebar di seluruh dunia. Berdasarkan jenis tulangnya, Ikan digolongkan menjadi 3 jenis ikan yaitu ikan tanpa rahang (kelas Agnatha, 75 spesies termasuk lamprey dan ikan hag), ikan bertulang rawan (kelas Chondrichthyes, 800 spesies termasuk hiu dan pari), dan sisanya tergolong ikan bertulang keras (kelas Osteichthyes).

Ikan memiliki 3 bagian utama tubuh yaitu kepala (Caput), Tubuh (Truncus), dan ekor (Cauda). Tubuh ikan dipenuhi dengan sisik yang berfungsi untuk melindungi tubuhnya dari gesekan air. Namun, ada sebagian ikan yang tidak memiliki sisik contohnya seperti hiu, lumba-lumba dan paus. Ikan juga memiliki gurat sisi (linea lateralis) yang berupa garis yang memanjang di permukaan tubuhnya. Tubuh ikan yang meyerupai torpedo membuatnya bergerak dengan cepat di dalam air. Ikan menggunakan sirip untuk bergerak sementara ekornya berfungsi sebagai alat kemudi.

Pada umumnya ikan bernafas melalui insang. Mereka mengambil oksigen yang terkandung di dalam air. Namun, ada beberapa jenis ikan yang bernafas melalui paru-paru seperti paus, lumba-lumba dan hiu. Ikan yang bernafas dengan paru-paru selalu muncul ke atas permukaan untuk mengambil oksigen dari udara. Ikan memiliki bermacam-macam bentuk dan ukuran, mulai dari yang terbesar seperti paus hiu yang ukurannya mencapai  14 meter (45 ft) hingga yang terkecil yaitu stout infant fish yang hanya berukuran 7 mm (kira-kira 1/4 inci).

Ikan dapat ditemukan di hampir semua  air baik air tawar, air payau maupun air asin. Hewan ini juga dapat hidup di kedalaman yang bervariasi. Beberapa ikan hidup di dekat permukaan air namun sebagian yang lain hidup jauh di dasar permukaan air tanpa ada cahaya sedikitpun. Meskipun ikan dapat ditemukan hampir diseluruh perairan. Ikan tidak bisa hidup di danau Great Salt lake karena danau ini sangat asin bahkan kita bisa mengambang di dalamnya.

Ada 3 cara reproduksi ikan yaitu ovipar,vivipara dan ovovivipar. Pada ovipar ikan berkembang biak dengan bertelur. Ikan jenis ini akan menempelkan telurnya pada karang ataupun mengambang di dalam air. Contohnya ikan badut yang menaruh telurnya pada anemone. Selanjutnya adalah Vivipar, ikan jenis ini melahirkan anak-anak mereka seperti pada ikan lumba-lumba dan yang terakhir ikan Ovovivipar, ikan jenis ini bertelur namun telur tersebut akan berkembang di dalam tubuhnya dan keluar jika sudah besar.

Ikan adalah sumber makanan yang penting bagi manusia.karena memiliki kandungan protein yang tinggi untuk pertumbuhan manusia. saat ini ikan sudah banyak dikembangbiakan oleh manusia baik ikan laut maupun ikan air tawar untuk dimanfaatkan dagingnya.

Crocodile

Crocodiles are large reptiles that live in water. Crocodiles generally inhabit freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, swamps and other wetlands, but there also live in brackish water such as estuarine crocodiles. Crocodile is the main food animals such as the vertebrate fish, reptiles and mammals, sometimes prey on mollusks and crustaceans depend on the species.

Crocodiles are ancient animals, which is only slightly changed because of evolution since the time of dinosaurus.Buaya can move very quickly over short distances, even out of water.

This beast has a very strong jaws, which can bite with incredible power, making it an animal with the biggest bite force. Crocodile bite pressure is not less than 5,000 psi (pounds per square inch; equivalent to 315 kg / cm ²) [1]. Crocodile teeth pointed and sharp, very useful for holding prey. Crocodile attacks its prey by biting prey to pounce at the same time, then pull firmly and abruptly into air.Buaya prey on fish, birds, mammals, and sometimes also other, smaller crocodiles and even crocodile carcass of an adult. This reptile is an ambush predator, he waited for prey, land animals, or fish over and jump on him abruptly. As the cold-blooded animals, these predators can survive long enough without food, and seldom really need to move to hunt their prey. Although it seems slow, crocodiles are top predators in their environment.

In the breeding season and nesting crocodiles can be very aggressive and easily attack humans or other animals that mendekat.Di spawning season is very ferocious crocodiles guard their nests and eggs. Parent female alligator usually keep their eggs with buried under mounds of earth or sand mixed with the litter of leaves. Parent then stayed with him from a distance of about 2 meters.

Crocodile body size varies greatly from species to species, ranging from the dwarf crocodile to the giant estuarine crocodiles. Large-bodied species can grow longer than 5 m and has a weight exceeding 1,200 kg. However, babies only crocodile measuring about 20 cm when hatched from eggs. Largest crocodile species are estuarine crocodiles, which live in Southeast Asia to the northern Australia.

Terjemahan :

Buaya

Buaya adalah reptil bertubuh besar yang hidup di air .Buaya umumnya menghuni habitat perairan tawar seperti sungai, danau, rawa dan lahan basah lainnya, namun ada pula yang hidup di air payau seperti buaya muara. Makanan utama buaya adalah hewan-hewan bertulang belakang seperti bangsa ikan, reptil dan mamalia, kadang-kadang juga memangsa moluska dan krustasea bergantung pada spesiesnya.

Buaya merupakan hewan purba, yang hanya sedikit berubah karena evolusi semenjak zaman dinosaurus.Buaya dapat bergerak dengan sangat cepat pada jarak pendek, bahkan juga di luar air.

Binatang ini memiliki rahang yang sangat kuat, yang dapat menggigit dengan kekuatan luar biasa, menjadikannya sebagai hewan dengan kekuatan gigitan yang paling besar. Tekanan gigitan buaya ini tak kurang dari 5.000 psi (pounds per square inch; setara dengan 315 kg/cm²)[1] . Gigi-gigi buaya runcing dan tajam, amat berguna untuk memegangi mangsanya. Buaya menyerang mangsanya dengan cara menerkam sekaligus menggigit mangsanya itu, kemudian menariknya dengan kuat dan tiba-tiba ke air.Buaya memangsa ikan, burung, mamalia, dan kadang-kadang juga buaya lain yang lebih kecil bahkan bangkai buaya dewasa. Reptil ini merupakan pemangsa penyergap; ia menunggu mangsanya hewan darat atau ikan mendekat, lalu menerkamnya dengan tiba-tiba. Sebagai hewan yang berdarah dingin, predator ini dapat bertahan cukup lama tanpa makanan, dan jarang benar-benar perlu bergerak untuk memburu mangsanya. Meskipun nampaknya lamban, buaya merupakan pemangsa puncak di lingkungannya.

Pada musim kawin dan bertelur buaya dapat menjadi sangat agresif dan mudah menyerang manusia atau hewan lain yang mendekat.Di musim bertelur buaya amat buas menjaga sarang dan telur-telurnya. Induk buaya betina umumnya menyimpan telur-telurnya dengan dibenamkan di bawah gundukan tanah atau pasir bercampur dengan serasah dedaunan. Induk tersebut kemudian menungguinya dari jarak sekitar 2 meter.

Ukuran tubuh buaya sangat bervariasi dari jenis ke jenis, mulai dari buaya kerdil hingga buaya muara raksasa. Spesies bertubuh besar dapat tumbuh lebih panjang dari 5 m dan memiliki berat melebihi 1.200 kg. Walaupun demikian, bayi-bayi buaya hanya berukuran sekitar 20 cm tatkala menetas dari telur. Spesies buaya terbesar adalah buaya muara, yang hidup di wilayah Asia Tenggara hingga ke Australia utara.

Panda

Panda is one of the animals that are large and obese. They can weigh more than 100 kg, so if we look from a distance, the panda is very similar to the giant puppets. They are the animals that come from Western China and Tibet. Most of the species came from the jungle of bamboo because basically, their food is bamboo. They have two legs and two large hands. In addition to walking, the hands are also used to take the twigs and leaves of bamboo. Panda usual looking for food in clustered with other pandas.

Adult pandas have a length between 160 to 180 cm. Then, the weight of an adult panda is usually between 80 to 125 kg. Panda body size is similar to the black bear. However, pandas do not hibernate like a black bear. Panda has a large head, heavy body, rounded ears, and short tail. They walked like a human, and as I said before, that they use their legs to stand and their hands used to reach for the leaves and twigs of bamboo. They have a throat with a hard esophagus in order to avoid their throat injury due to the consumption of bamboo. They also have a large thumb to take the bamboo stems and leaves.

They look like a very cute animal with black and white color. This is the thing that makes the panda to be the example of the best-selling dolls after bear. They have thick hair and a little greasy. The oil layer helps them protected from the wet climate. Panda runs slowly because their body is so heavy. Nevertheless, the panda is able to climb trees with hard and sharp claws. They can climb trees very easily.

We have known a little about panda from the above description. You need to understand that it is not a cute animal. They are wild animals so we must be careful when close to them.

Terjemahan :

Panda

Panda merupakan salah satu hewan yang berukuran besar dan bertubuh sangat gemuk. Mereka bisa mencapai berat hingga lebih dari 100 kg sehingga jika kita lihat dari kejauhan, panda sangat mirip dengan boneka raksasa. Mereka adalah hewan yang berasal dari China Barat dan Tibet. Sebagian besar dari spesies panda banyak berasal dari hutan Bambu karena pada dasarnya, makanan mereka adalah Bambu. Mereka mempunyai dua kaki dan dua tangan yang besar. Selain untuk berjalan, tangan panda juga digunakan untuk mengambil ranting dan daun bambu. Panda biasa mencari makanan secara bergerombol dengan panda yang lain.

Panda dewasa mempunyai panjang antara 160 hingga 180 cm. Kemudian, berat panda dewasa biasanya antara 80 hingga 125 kg. Ukuran tubuh panda mirip dengan beruang hitam. Kendati demikian, panda tidak melakukan hibernasi seperti beruang hitam. Panda mempunyai kepala yang besar, badan yang begitu berat, telinga yang bulat, dan ekor yang pendek. Mereka berjalan seperti manusia dan seperti yang sudah saya katakan sebelumnya, bahwa panda memanfaatkan kakinya untuk berdiri sementara tangannya meraih daun dan ranting bambu. Mereka mempunyai tenggorokan dengan esofagus yang keras dalam rangka menghindari tenggorokan mereka dari cidera akibat mengkonsumsi bambu. Mereka juga mempunyai ibu jari yang besar untuk mengambil batang bambu dan daun.

Mereka tampak seperti hewan yang sangat lucu dengan warna hitam putih. Inilah yang membuat panda menjadi salah satu contoh boneka yang paling laris setelah beruang. Mereka mempunyai rambut yang tebal dan sedikit berminyak. Lapisan minyak tersebut membantu mereka terlindung dari iklim basah.  Panda berjalan secara lambat karena tubuhnya yang begitu berat. Kendati demikian, panda mampu memanjat pohon dengan cakarnya yang keras dan tajam. Mereka bisa memanjat pohon dengan sangat mudah.

Kita telah mengenal panda melalui sedikit deskripsi yang ada di atas. Anda perlu mengerti bahwa panda bukanlah seekor hewan yang lucu. Mereka adalah hewan yang buas sehingga kita harus berhati-hati apabila berada di dekat mereka.

Jellyfish

Jellyfish is a kind of sea animal that belongs to the class Scyphozoa. Jellyfish is not really fish. It’s invertebrate animals. It isn’t has backbone. In fact, it isn’t has bones at all. It body is shaped like an umbrella tufted. Some jellyfish can make the itching of the skin upon contact. there are about 1,800 types of jellyfish in the world.

Jellyfish has stomach and mouth, but it doesn’t has head. It has a nervous system to sense the world around them, but it doesn’t has brain. Jellyfish made almost entirely of water, which is why you can see through them. Some jellyfish can glow in the dark with the light of it own making. The light is created by a chemical reaction within the jellyfish. Jellyfish make a light may be to scare off predators or to attract the animals they like to eat.

Type of jellyfish is the most dangerous of the group Cubozoa. Tentacles sting can cause death. Jellyfish is the most deadly of these groups is the Irukandji jellyfish, which is small in size. This jellyfish live around the coast of Australia. There are giant jellyfish named Nomura which is can grow up to 2 meters in diameter and weighs 220 kg.

Most jellyfish live in salt water, a part from a few types that live in fresh water. Jellyfish are found in oceans and seas around the world. They live in warm, tropical seas and in the icy waters near the North and South poles. 

 Dog

Dogs are mammals that have undergone domestication of wolves. Dogs are predators and scavengers, have sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, biting and tearing food. Characteristics of wolf ancestors still survive in the dog, although selective breeding has succeeded in changing the physical form different types of dog breeds.

The dog has developed into hundreds of races with a wide range of variations, ranging from dog height of several tens of cm like Chihuahuas to Irish Wolfhound were more than one meter. Dog hair color can be varied, ranging from white to black, also red, gray (often called "blue"), and chocolate. In addition, dogs have different hair types, ranging from very short to a length of up to several centimeters. Dog hair can be straight or curly, and coarse-textured till soft as wool.

Dogs are social animals as well as humans. Proximity patterns of human behavior makes a dog a dog to be trained, to play, live with humans, and invited bersosialiasi with humans and other dogs.

People love getting a dog because dogs are smart animals. Some animal experts are now debating dogs omnivores or carnivores animals classified by the food eaten. Classification into the order carnivore does not mean the dog should eat meat only.

Dogs can properly digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and cereals that can be consumed by dogs in large portions. The plants eaten by wild dogs to meet the needs of the amino acid. Furthermore, wild dogs also eat the contents of the stomach and intestines contain herbs that are herbivores digest the prey.

Kinds of Earthquake

Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and that makes lot victims.

Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.

Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth’s crust rocks break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth’s plates.

Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.

Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in underground mines and caverns.

Mangrove Trees

A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but not as salty as sea water.

Mangrove trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami. According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more, especially after the tsunami.

There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are silver-coated.

Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. as the soil begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.

Elephant

An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.

The trunk is the elephant’s peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant’s trunk also lift leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.

The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.

Jasmine

Jasmine is an evergreen semi-vining shrub native to tropical areas of Southeast Asia, Africa and Australia. The plants are usually up to 3 meters high and 2 meters wide.

Jasmine is a climbing vine with oval, shiny leaves and tubular, waxy-white flowers. It has small white star-shaped flowers. The Jasmine flower releases its fragrance at night after the sun has set and especially when the moon is waxing towards fullness, thus it is associated with soothing peaceful night-time moods. The leaves are oval rich green and have five to nine leaflets, each up to 2½ inches long.

The plant flowers from April to September. Jasmine is propagated by cuttings of nearly ripe wood in summer. Cuttings are planted in 3-inch pots within 4 weeks, then to 6-inches when pot is becoming filled with roots. The soil should be kept moist but well drained for optimum growth. Frequent pruning is required to grow it as a shrub of desired size. Pruning also helps keep an abundance of flowers, since flowers are produced on new wood. It grows in full sun to partial shade. Fertilize monthly with a balanced fertilizer.

Tulip

Tulips are spring-blooming perennials that grow from bulbs. The tulip’s large flowers usually bloom on scapes. Most tulips produce only one flower per stem, but a few species bear multiple flowers on their scapes.

The showy, generally cup- or star-shaped tulip flower has three petals and three sepals, which are often termed tepals because they are nearly identical.

Tulip plants can grow as short as 10 cm or as high as 71 cm. Tulip flowers come in a wide variety of colors, except pure blue. Tulip stems have few leaves. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12. The tulip’s leaf is strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and leaves are alternately arranged on the stem.

During the Ottoman Empire, the tulip became very popular in Ottoman territories and was seen as a symbol of abundance. In fact, the era during which the Ottoman Empire was wealthiest is often called the Tulip era or Lale Devri in Turkish. In classic and modern Persian literature, sp ecial attention has been given to these beautiful flowers.

Rafflesia Arnoldi

Rafflesia Arnoldi is known as the biggest flower in the world. The name is derived from the British governor General, Sir Thomas Stamford Rafflesia , who gave attention to the botanical garden in Bogor.

The Rafflesia Arnoldi consists of two parts: the stick-like part which grows in the middle and the petals around and below it. It is unusual flower because of its large size. The flower can be 1 meter in diameter and 1.40 meters in height.

The Rafflesia plant begins to flower in its tenth year. It blooms three or four times a year. Before it begins to flower, the leaves and the stem become dry and look dead, but the main root in the ground is still alive. When it blooms, it has an unpleasant smell which attract insect. But when they touch the bottom part, they die.

Polar Bear

The polar bear is a very big white bear. We call it the polar bear because it lives inside the Arctic Circle near the North Pole. There are no polar bears at the South Pole. The polar bears live at the North Pole. There is only snow, ice, and water. There is not any land.

These bears are three meters long, and weigh 450 kilos. They can stand up on their back legs because they have very wide feet. They can use their front legs like arms. The polar bears can swim very well. They can swim 120 kilometers out into the water. They catch fish and sea animals for food. They go into the sea when they are afraid.

People like to kill the polar bears for their beautiful white coats. The governments of Canada, the United States, and Russia say that no one can kill polar bears now. They do not want all of these beautiful animals to die.

Tyrannosaurus Rex

Tyrannosaurus rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome predator on Earth’s land ever to have existed.

This dinosaur once lived in the Creataceous period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago. The T-rex lived in a humid, semi-tropical environment, in open forests with nearby rivers and in coastal forested swamps. The seasons were mild.

Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 40 feet (12.4 m) long, about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6 m) tall. The arms were only about 3 feet (1 m) long. Tyrannosaurus rex was roughly 5 to 7 tons in weight.

As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed their prey, and devoured them with jaws full of white sharp teeth. With it’s fast ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph (50 kmh), a perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped this gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.

Platypus

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus’ eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.

Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

Rabbit

Rabbits are small mammals that can be found naturally in South Africa, Sumatra, Japan and Europe. Rabbits are also often found in desert areas in the Middle East where rabbits inhabiting the greener parts of the desert to search the foods and water in order to survive.

Rabbit is an herbivore that its main food is grass, but it also eats nuts and fruit or vegetables. Rabbits dig burrows into the ground to hide food, and also gave birth to a baby and raise them.

Butterfly

General Classification :

Butterflies are insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera or “winged insect scales”. The butterfly can be found in the tropics. Butterflies breathe with trachea. Butterfly undergo complete metamorphosis is as an egg, caterpillar, chrysalis until butterfly.

Description (Identification) :

Caterpillars eat the leaves. Where as a butterfly, it suck honey contained in the flower using the proboscis. Probocis is a long tongue used to drink water or suck the fluid of interest. Butterflies have external skeleton on the outer surface of their bodies. The framework consists of the external hard disk connected to the soft tissues that resemble armor. Hard material is called "chitin".

Butterflies have unique colors on the wings and we can see when the butterfly was sucking nectar while upholding its wings.

Beach

The beach is one of the natural form that consists of white sand and clear blue water.The beach is located in the coastal ocean. The coastal area is the boundary between land and sea.   People who come are foreigners and domestic tourists.

Beaches where tourism is the most frequently visited by tourists to holiday destinations. Sights on the beach is very beautiful especially at sunset. On the beach,we can just enjoy the scenery and relaxing, surfing or shopping. Not only that, we canuse the facilities around the coast, including lodging.

Flood

Flood is an overflow of water that soaks or covers land. Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster worldwide. It can be caused by several things, naturally and form the effect of human behavior. The most common cause is because of the over capacity of the body of water, e.g. river or lake. As a result some of the water flows outside of the body of water. It can also occur in rivers, when the strength of the river is so high that it flows right out of the river channel. A flood from sea may be caused by a heavy storm, a high tide, a tsunami, or a combination the three.

Soil and vegetation absorbs most of the surface water, floods happen when there are lack of trees and the soil alone cannot absorb all the water. The water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or kept in natural ponds or man-made reservoirs. A flood can also be caused by blocked sewage pipes and waterways, such as the Jakarta flood.

There are several types of flood. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods usually result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks. A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood.

Forest

Forests can be found all around the world.  There are many different plants and animals that use the forest as their home.

In the forest, small animals eat the fruits, nuts, mushrooms, and insects.  They race around from tree to tree and jump from branch to branch.  Larger animals eat smaller animals.  Other animals eat seeds and shrubs.  Even though most animals are scared of humans, they are never far away.  An ant, bat, robin, snake, deer, or turkey may be hiding among the leaves. They may be sitting in the trees.  They might be running on the ground.

Many different types of trees live in the forest.  Trees drop their leaves during the fall to save water on the floor of the forest.  The soil is made up of fallen leaves, dirt, and animals that have died.  After the animals and plants die, their bodies break down.  This makes the earth rich with nutrients.

Forests are fun places to visit.  A person who wants to see and hear the real sounds of the forest must sit quietly and listen with his or her eyes and ears.

Football Play

Football is a game played by two teams of eleven. They try to score by kicking or heading the ball into the other team’s goal. Ten of the players can not use their hands. The goal keeper can handle the ball to stop it going into the goal.

Games similar to football have been played for many centuries. The rules of the games were written down in 1863. In England, the FA ( Football Association ) cup was first played for in 1872. In the same year, England played Scotland in the first game.

Today the most important International Competition is the World Cup which takes place in every four years. Brazil and Italy have each won the world cup three times.

Frog

Frogs are amphibians animal. Amphibian is animal who can live in land and water. Frogs lives in tropical regions throughout the world.

Frogs are small animal. They move by jump. Some people think that frogs are a disgust animal, because their skin are smooth, moist and very mucus, frog doesn’t have tail.

Frogs live in the tropical regions especially in the warm weather. It is because frogs are phlegmatic animal. We can find frogs in the jungle, desert, field and river bank. Frogs eat many kinds of insect. They are protected themselves from predator by jumping, secret mucus and poison from their skin.

Male frogs make a voice to interesting female frogs. Frogs reproduce in the dark of moon or if will rain. Frog laid eggs three times in a year. They can laid 5000 up to 20000 eggs in once time. The eggs frog will be change as tadpole and life in water.

Now the population of frog decrease. It is because people always hunting frogs to be consumed and the habitat of frog became damage, for example now very difficult to find a clean river which is a natural habitat of frogs. That all because human never care with existence of frog. 

Mango

Mangoes are one of the most popular fruits in the world. Mangoes are tropical fruits. They are grown in the tropical regions throughout the world.

Mango tree is an evergreen that grows about more than 5 meters. Mango tree have many branch and the color are brown. That leaves are long and slender, the flowers are pink. The taste of mango are sweet and sometimes it is little sour. Mangoes are delicious food which is rich of vitamin A and C.

Mangoes have many shapes sometime it is oval, round or like kidney. It is base from the variety. Mangoes skins are smooth. Usually mangoes colors are green or yellow. Mangoes have a big hard inner pit. Mangoes pulps are juicy and have yellow color.

Mangoes are eaten fresh or we can make it as many variety of food such as preserve, juice or you may add in a cake.

Mangoes are cultivates about 4000 years ago in India and the Indonesian archipelago. But, now we can find Mangoes in the many tropical country in this world it is because in the end of 1700’s and 1800’s European explores brought mangoes from India to the other tropical country.

Owl

Owls are a group of animals that belong to the group of birds. Owls are carnivorous because they eat animals and are active at night or nocturnal. Owls spread almost all over the world except Antarctica. In the western world the animal is considered a symbol of wisdom but in Indonesia the owl is considered as a sign of the coming disaster or death.

Owls are known for big his eye and facing forward. The owl has a beak like an eagle that used to tear their prey.

Usually owl furry brown or gray. Owl has large wings and width. Most owls hunt at night. Owls have other habits such as hunting in the dark. Can rotate his neck and flying without being noisy.

Owls maintaining the lay eggs population.

Star

A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma held together by gravity. At the end of its lifetime, a star can also contain a proportion of degenerate matter. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth.

Other stars are visible from Earth during the night, most commonly appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points, when they are not outshone by the Sun or blocked by atmospheric phenomena. Historically, the most prominent stars on the celestial sphere were grouped together into constellations and asterisms, and the brightest stars gained proper names. Extensive catalogues of stars have been assembled by astronomers, which provide standardized star designations.

Grapes

Grape is a fruit of the vine shrubs included into the vitaceae family. This fruit usually used to make grape juice, jelly, wine, grape seed oil, and raisins or eaten directly. this plant has been cultivated 4000 BC in Middle East.

Grape is one of the plants that live in lowland areas, unlike most other crops, grapes it takes a long dry season ranges from 4-7 months in order to grow well. land use should be fertile and friable texture and nutritional in take in order to have a good air supply. Benefits of the grape is to increases the production of good fats. Coccolaba uvifera sea grape is native to the caribbean sea on the ground.

Computers

Computers are machine that handle information automatically. They can perform calculations and process data. Computers can work with numbers to solve problems in a few seconds. Computers can remember a great deal of information. That is why computers are widely used in places such as banks, offices and companies.

Computers work like calculators. But most calculators can do only one thing at a time. We tell them what to do by pressing various buttons. To do the same work, we can give a series of instructions to a computer program. If we set up a program, the computer can provide other information, such as a list, numbers, letters, word or even graphs or pictures. Once we provide a program the computer can do all this work automatically without further help or instruction.

A computer stores and handles numbers. The numbers maybe mathematical formulas or columns of figures. The numbers may also be codes that stand for letters of the alphabet, words or instructions to the computer.

Tornadoes

Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.

The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone.

The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.

The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage.

The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.

Halloween

Halloween is a holiday celebrated on October 31. By tradition, Halloween begins after sunset. Long ago, people believed that witches gathered together and ghosts roamed the world on Halloween. Today, most people no longer believe in ghosts and witches. But these supernatural beings are still a part of Halloween.

The colors black and orange are also a part of Halloween. Black is a symbol for night and orange is the color of pumpkins. A jack-o’-lantern is a hollowed-out pumpkin with a face carved on one side. Candles are usually placed inside, giving the face a spooky glow.

Dressing in masks and costumes is a popular Halloween activity. Costumes can be traditional and scary, such as a witch’s pointy hat and black gown. Costumes may also have a modern flavor. Many children dress up as movie characters or a favorite superhero.

But Halloween is not just for children. Many adults enjoy showing off their costumes at Halloween parties!

Bank

A bank is a financial institution that provides bangking and other financial services. It is an institution that holdsa bangking license.

The word bank derived from the Italian banca. This word derived from German and means bench. Typically, a bank generates profits from transaction fees on financial services or the interests from a loan. The type of services offered by a bank depens on the type of bank and the country. However, bank services usually include lending out money to companies and individuals, issuing checking and saving accounts, cashing checks, facilitating money transactions such as wire transfer, issuing credit cards, ATM, debit cards, and also storing valuable things in safe deposit boxes.